Sách Ngữ pháp tiếng anh luyện thi IELTS – Unit 18: Câu điều kiện (Conditions) - Phần 2 – Học Hay

- Cách dùng:

Câu điều kiện loại 3 là câu điều kiện không có thực trong quá khứ. Câu điều kiện loại 3 được dùng để diễn tả một điều không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ, chỉ mang tính ước muốn trong quá khứ, một giả thiết trái ngược với thực trạng ở quá khứ.

Công thức: If + S + had + V3/-ed + O…, S' + would/ could + have + V3/-ed + O …

Ví dụ:

• If he had studied hard, he would have passed his exams.
  (Nếu cậu ta học hành chăm chỉ, thì câụ ta đã đậu kỳ thi rồi)
• If I had known she was sick, I would have visited her.
  (Nếu tôi biết cô ấy bị bệnh, thì tôi đã tới thăm cô ấy rồi)

- Cách dùng:

Câu điều kiện loại 3 là câu điều kiện không có thực trong quá khứ. Câu điều kiện loại 3 được dùng để diễn tả một điều không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ, chỉ mang tính ước muốn trong quá khứ, một giả thiết trái ngược với thực trạng ở quá khứ.

Công thức: If + S + had + V3/-ed + O…, S' + would/ could + have + V3/-ed + O …

Ví dụ:

• If he had studied hard, he would have passed his exams.
  (Nếu cậu ta học hành chăm chỉ, thì câụ ta đã đậu kỳ thi rồi)
• If I had known she was sick, I would have visited her.
  (Nếu tôi biết cô ấy bị bệnh, thì tôi đã tới thăm cô ấy rồi)

1. Câu điều ước trong tương lai:

- Cách dùng wish loại 1:

Câu mong ước trong tương lai được dùng để diễn tả những mong ước về một sự việc trong tương lai. Chúng ta sử dụng câu wish ở tương lai với mong muốn ai đó, sự việc gì đó sẽ trở nên tốt đẹp hơn.

- Cấu trúc câu wish:

Khẳng định: S+ wish(es) + Noun/Pronoun + would/could + V(bare)

Phủ định: S + wish(es) + Noun/Pronoun + wouldn’t/couldn’t + V(bare)

Nếu chủ ngữ là I/they/we/you thì wish giữ nguyên

Nếu chủ ngữ là she/he/it thì wish phải thêm -es.

Ví dụ:

• I wish I could speak Korean.
  (Ước gì tôi có thể nói tiếng Hàn)

• Norman wishes she would be a doctor in the future.
  (Norman ước cô sẽ trở thành bác sỹ trong tương lai)

 

2. Câu điều ước ở hiện tại:

- Cách dùng wish loại 2:

Câu ước wish ở hiện tại dùng để diễn tả những mong ước về một sự việc không có thật ở hiện tại, hay giả định một điều ngược lại so với thực tế. Chúng ta dùng câu wish ở hiện tại để ước về điều không có thật ở hiện tại, thường là thể hiện sự nuối tiếc về tình huống hiện tại.

- Cấu trúc wish:

Khẳng định: S + wish(es) + Noun/Pronoun + V2/-ed + O

Phủ định: S + wish(es) + Noun/Pronoun + didn’t + V(bare)

► Lưu ý: Tương tự như câu if loại 2, động từ to be trong câu wsh loại 2 được chia là were cho tất cả các ngôi.

Ví dụ:

• I wish I had enough time to do it. (I’m too busy, I don’t have enough time to do it)
  (Tôi ước mình có đủ thì giờ để làm việc đó)

• I wish I didn't call you with that rediculous nickname.
  (Tôi ước gì mình không gọi cậu bằng cái biệt danh nực cười đó)

 

3. Câu điều ước trong quá khứ:

- Cách dùng wish loại 3:

Câu ao ước ở quá khứ dùng để diễn tả những mong ước về một sự việc không có thật ở quá khứ, hay giả định một điều ngược lại so với thực tại đã xảy ra ở quá khứ. Chúng ta sử dụng câu điều ước wish ở quá khứ để ước một điều trái với những gì đã xảy ra trong quá khứ, thường là để diễn tả sự nuối tiếc ở quá khứ.

- Cấu trúc câu ước loại 3:

Khẳng định: S + wish(es) + Noun/Pronoun + had + V3/-ed

Phủ định: S + wish(es) + Noun/Pronoun + hadn’t + V3/-ed

Ví dụ:

• I wish I hadn’t said that to Helen. (Helen was hurt by my words)
  (Tôi ước gì mình không nói những lời đó với Helen)

• He wishes he had met her last year. (She has gone)
  (Anh ta ước mình có thể gặp cô ấy năm rồi.

 

Cấu trúc If only có cách dùng tương đương với cấu trúc wish trong tiếng anh, cũng được dùng để thể hiện sự ao ước, nguyện vọng trong quá khứ, hiện tại, tương lai.

Cấu trúc	Cách dùng	Ví dụ
should/ ought to + have + V3/-ed	"đáng lẽ … đã phải": dùng để diễn tả 1 việc đáng lẽ ra phải làm trong quá khứ nhưng lại không làm	I've forgotten the address, I should have written it down. (Tôi quên mất địa chỉ rồi, lẽ ra tôi phải viết lại chứ!)

A.   Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Tutor: Tell me what you intend to write in your evaluation of your research.

Student: Well, firstly, if I....... (1 have) a larger number of questionnaires returned, I……….(2 get) more useful data.

Tutor: Is there anything you could have done to improve that?

Student: Well, I suppose I…….(3 receive) more completed questionnaires if I…….(4 make) the questions easier to answer, for example, 'yes/no' questions.

Tutor: Yes, I think you are right. People are too busy to answer complicated questions.

Any other things you might change?

Student: Yes. I think I…….(5 be) more successful with my interviews as well if I…….(6 plan) the questions more thoroughly beforehand, although I'm not sure about that. If I…….(7 prepare) the questions in more detail, it…….(8 restrict) the interviewees too much. Oh, and another thing: if I…….(9 start) collecting data sooner, it…….(10 not/be) such a rush in the end.

Tutor: Good. I must admit that if you…….(11 not/leave) it all so late, I…….(12 be able to) support you more. If you…….(13 come) to see me before you sent out your questionnaires, I…….(14 help) you. It is a shame that your data was so disappointing because your research questions were very interesting.

 

Đáp án:

1. 'd had

2. would (might) have got

3. would (might) have received

4. 'd made

5. would (might) have been

6. 'd planned

7. 'd prepared

8. would (might) have restricted

9. 'd started

10. wouldn't have been

11. hadn't left

12. would (might) have been able

13. 'd come

14. would (could) have helped

 

B. Read about two scientific discoveries that were made due to chance and complete the sentences.

Alexander Fleming's most famous discovery happened entirely by accident. One day he was cleaning the culture dishes in his lab when he saw mould growing on one of the plates. There weren't any germs growing around the mould, so Fleming decided to grow more of it for experiments. He discovered that the mould acted against bacterial infections. However, Fleming's initial publication about his discovery was largely ignored by the medical community so he abandoned his research in 1932. It wasn't until 1935, when the researchers Florey and Chain saw Fleming's research papers, that the drug, penicillin, was developed.

 

1. If Fleming hadn't been cleaning the culture dishes, he ……….. growing on one of the plates.

2. Fleming wouldn't have grown more of the mould if there…….growing around it.

3. If his initial publication hadn't been received so poorly by the medical community, he……. in 1932.

4. Penicillin might not have been developed if Florey and Chain ……..

 

Harold Ridley, an ophthalmologist, developed a revolutionary way of helping people with poor eyesight as a result of cataracts'. During World War II, Ridley worked with RAF pilots with eye injuries. He noticed that their eyes did not become infected when they had eye injuries caused by bits of Perspex from the 'windows of their planes. As a result of this observation he decided to implant plastic lenses in the eyes of people with cataracts. Surgeons had earlier tried replacing the lens in the eye with a glass one, but the operations always failed because the body rejected the glass lens. Ridley's operations with plastic lenses were successful. However, the medical community opposed Ridley's discoveries and it took many years for the technique to be accepted. Today over 200 million people have their sight because of Harold Ridley.

' Cataracts are regions of dead cells within the lens of the eye, and can cause blindness.

 

5 If Harold Ridley………..pilots during World War II, he wouldn't have noticed the effects of Perspex splinters on their eyes.

6 If the pilots' eye injuries had become infected from bits of Perspex, he……..to implant plastic lenses in cataract patients' eyes.

7 If earlier surgeons had used plastic lenses, the operations……...

8 It wouldn't have taken so many years for the technique to become widely available if the medical community......... Ridley's discoveries.

 

Đáp án:

1. wouldn't have seen mould

2. had been any germs

3. wouldn't have abandoned his research

4. hadn't seen Fleming's research papers

5. hadn't worked with RAF

6. wouldn't have decided

7. wouldn't have failed

8. hadn't opposed

 

 

C. Find and correct the mistakes in the sentences below.

1. If I hadn't ate so much I wouldn't have a stomach ache now.

2. What would you done if you'd failed the exam?

3. I am starting university next autumn if I hadn't had such bad exam results.

4. If the government would have kept their promise, taxes wouldn't have gone up last year.

5. I would have finished my essay on time if I didn't have the accident.

6. If I was getting married next weekend, I was very excited by now.

7. If the economic conditions had been better when I bought this house, I might make a fortune by now.

8. Life today will be very different if Thomas Edison hadn't invented the electric light.

9. If you were more considerate, you didn't make so much noise last night.

10. If I didn't go to university, I wouldn't be doing this job now.

 

Đáp án:

1. hadn't ate hadn't eaten

2. would you done would you have done

3. am starting would be starting

4. would have kept had kept

5. didn’t have hadn't had

6. was very excited ‘d be very excited

7. might make might have made

8. will be would be

9. didn't make wouldn't have made

10. didn't go hadn't gone

 

D.  Fill in the gaps using wish or should and the words in brackets in the correct form.

1. You ……….. (not/leave) school so young. You'd have a better job now.

2. I really…….(you/ask) me before borrowing the car yesterday. I needed to use it.

3. I'm not enjoying my degree course at all. I…….(I/not/choose) physics. I…….(choose) maths instead because I used to love it at school.

4. I…….(I/study) languages at school because now I travel regularly for work to Berlin and Paris.

5. That man is really annoying me. I…….(he/stop) whistling.

6. We're lost again. We always get lost when you have the map. You…….. (let) me have the map from the start!

7. I…….(I/have) more time to work on this assignment. I'm worried I…….won't finish it by the deadline.  .

8. I…….(it/stop) raining. I want to go for a walk.

9. I have terrible problems with my knees. I…….(I/not/do) so much running when I was younger.

10. You…….(not/tell) Paula about the party it was meant to be a surprise.

 

Đáp án:

1. shouldn't have left

2. wish you'd asked

3. wish I hadn't chosen (shouldn't have chosen); should have chosen

4. wish I'd studied

5. wish he'd stop

6. should have let

7. wish I had

8. wish it would stop

9. wish I hadn't done (shouldn't have done)

10. shouldn't have told

 

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