Phát âm tiếng anh nâng cao – Unit 55: Chia bài phát biểu thành các đơn vị (2) – Học Hay

A

Ở Unit 54, chúng ta đã thấy rằng trong bài phát biểu được chuẩn bị, chúng ta thường đặt một ranh giới đơn vị lời nói ở cuối một mệnh đề. Ranh giới đơn vị lời nói cũng thường đi trước và sau các đơn vị ngữ pháp nhất định trong các mệnh đề. Chúng được đánh dấu // trong ví dụ sau. Các ranh giới đơn vị lời nói khác được đánh dấu bằng //.

Surprisingly/ rates of heart disease// are rising again//. One of the most likely reasons/ for this increase/ is excessive eating//. As a result// levels of obesity// are going up// and people are taking less exercise//. In many parts of the country// this is becoming// a major// concern.

B

- Cụ thể, ta thường đặt ranh giới đơn vị lời nói ở:

a. trước và sau trạng từ chỉ toàn bộ mệnh đề:

Unusually for that time of year// there was deep snow.

The president’s son has been named// unofficially// as his successor.

(b) giữa chủ từ của mệnh đề và động từ khi chủ từ đó dài:

The last ten years of her life// were spent in France.

Some of the rarest birds in the world// can be found on the island. 

(c) trước và sau ‘mệnh đề rút gọn có tính từ hoặc liên từ, nhưng không có động từ:

Wherever possible// the road will avoid existing settlements.
(= wherever it is possible)

The two villages// although only a few miles apart// were very different.
(= although they are only a few miles apart)

(d) sau phần được đặt trước một mệnh đề mà không phải là chủ từ, gồm:

i. cụm từ trạng từ cung cấp thông tin về thời gian và địa điểm:

The train line will be closed for two weeks. // In the meantime// a bus service will be operating,

All over the world// people are concerned about climate change.

ii. trạng từ liên kết thể hiện sự kết nối giữa những gì bạn đã nói và những gì tiếp theo, như: furthermore, in the same way (thể hiện sự thêm vào); alternatively, even so, on the other hand (thể hiện sự đối lập tương phản); consequently, as a result, therefore (thể hiện kết quả)

There are clear limitations in the research. // Even so// the findings are valuable.

Demand in Europe has declined. // Consequently// our profits have fallen.

iii. từ và cụm từ chỉ giai đoạn của những gì đang nói, chẳng hạn như: first(ly), second(ly), finally, in conclusion, to conclude, in summary, to sum up:

Secondly// waiting times need to be shortened.

In summary// our report recommends relocating the factory overseas.

iv. các đối tượng được đặt trước động từ:

One of the paintings// he left to his sister. // The other// he left to me.

A number of the experiments// we conducted in Antarctica.

C

- Ta có xu hướng đặt một ranh giới đơn vị lời nói, thường là khoảng ngừng nghỉ, trước thông tin mà ta muốn người nghe tập trung chú ý đặc biệt vào (Unit 60). Ví dụ:

In today’s talk, want to introduce an important concept in language study... //
discourse analysis.

55.1 Mark with // the most likely place(s) to put a speech unit boundary in the green parts of these sentences. (Note that commas have been left out.)

EXAMPLE On the other hand // patients have little control over events in hospital. (see B (d) (ii))

1 The whole basis of Goldberg’s analysis has been called into question.

2 Most of her money she left to children’s charities.

3 In the first half of this year our sales have fallen by 25 per cent.

4 Asa result women are having fewer children than in the 1990s.

5 Collectively the members of the organisation were known as ‘The Followers’.

6 Unhappily for his family he was never seen again.

7 To conclude all these factors suggest the need for job cuts.

8 The two companies although in competition have agreed to cooperate on the project.

Now listen and check your answers, and then say the sentences aloud. The Key gives further information about the answers.

55.2 Listen and notice how attention is focused on the part in bold.

D521 Only one group benefited from the change in the law ... landowners.

2 And the name for this process is electrolysis.

3 Today we’re going to look at a rapidly changing area of the media ... electronic publishing.

4 I’d like you to note particularly the spelling of the word ‘definitive’.

Read the sentences aloud and focus attention on the part in bold in the same way.

55.3. Use the information in Units 54 and 55 to prepare to read this text aloud. It is the first part of a conference talk on climate change. Think about where you will put speech unit boundaries and mark these with //. Read the text aloud and, if possible, record and listen to yourself. Make sure that words within speech units are run together smoothly.  

Ever since the industrial revolution we have dumped waste into the air. Consequently, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are now a third higher than in pre-industrial time. The process may, it has to be said, have started long before, when we first burnt down trees to make way for agriculture. However, over the last few decades the rate of increase has grown rapidly. Although its precise nature is unclear there is an obvious relationship between levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and higher global surface temperatures.

The impact of higher temperatures is difficult to assess, but there will certainly be a different world as humans and other living organisms try to adapt to change. These changes, which will affect us all, include drought and extreme weather. Southern Europe, for example, already has long periods without rainfall. And in the Americas and Asia powerful hurricanes and typhoons have recently killed more people than in several decades.

Of course, some scientists dispute the evidence. But these people, as we all know, represent industries having vested interests — their business, they believe, would be damaged by limits on carbon emissions. But among the wider scientific community the argument is about the speed of change, not whether change is taking place.

 

Now listen to the talk as it is said on the recording.

ĐÁP ÁN

55.1

The most likely speech unit boundaries in the green parts are given. These are used on the recording. The relevant rule from section B is also given.

1 The whole basis of Goldberg's analysis// has been called into question. (b)

2 Most of her money// she left to children’s charities. (d) (iv)

3 In the first half of this year// our sales have fallen by 25 per cent. (d) (i)

4 As a result// women are having fewer children than in the 1990s. (d) (ii)

5 Collectively// the members of the organisation// were known as ‘The Followers’. (a) and (b)

6 Unhappily for his family// he was never seen again. (a)

7 To conclude/ all these factors suggest the need for job cuts. (d) (iii)

8 The two companies// although in competition// have agreed to cooperate on the project. (c)

55.3

Possible speech unit boundaries are shown. These are used in the recording.

Ever since the industrial revolution// we have dumped waste// into the air// Consequently,// atmospheric carbon dioxide levels// are now a third higher// than in pre-industrial time.// The process may,// it has to be said,// have started long before,// when we first burnt down trees// to make way for agriculture// However// over the last few decades// the rate of increase// has grown rapidly// Although its precise nature is unclear// there is an obvious relationship// between levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere/ and higher global surface temperatures.//

The impact of higher temperatures// is difficult to assess,// but there will certainly be a different world// as humans and other living organisms// try to adapt to change// These changes,// which will affect us ally/ include drought and extreme weather// Southern Europe,// for example,/ already has long periods// without rainfall// And in the Americas and Asia// powerful hurricanes// and typhoons/ have recently killed// more people// than in several// decades//

Of course, // some scientists dispute the evidence// But these people,// as we all know,// represent industries// having vested interests// — their business,// they believe// would be damaged// by limits on carbon emissions.// But among the wider scientific community// the argument is about the speed of change,// not whether change is taking place.//